Hirshfeld surface analysis of solid-state synthesized NiFe2O4 nanocomposite and application of it for photocatalytic degradation of Water pollutant dye

Document Type : Reasearch Paper

Authors

• Alireza Hakimyfard ¹
• Shahin Khademinia ²

¹ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran.

² Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

10.22034/ijnd.2022.686624

Abstract

The present work reports the Hirshfeld surface analysis and photocatalytic performance of NiFe₂O₄ nanomaterial. Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to understand the interaction properties of the NiFe₂O₄ compound. The active sites including π-π interactions are studied by the analysis. The Hirshfeld data showed that the two wings in the O…O and O…Ni diagrams are created by short contacts of O…O, and O…Ni which causes O―O…π and O―Ni…. π interactions. The interactions cover the surfaces with values of 8.8% and 9.4%, respectively. Nanostructured NiFe₂O₄ powder was used as a photocatalyst to degrade Malachite Green (MG) waste water pollutant dye under visible light irradiation. The optimized conditions for the degradation of a 100 mL of 80 ppm MG aqueous solution are 0.03 mL H₂O₂, 0.038 g catalyst, and 45 min reaction time. The degradation yield at the optimized conditions under visible light irradiation was 95 %. The light source was a white color fluorescent lamp with the 40 W power and light intensity of 1.34 W/m² measured by a digital lux meter.

Keywords

• Dye Degradation
• Hirshfeld Surface Analysis
• Malachite Green
• Nanophotocatalyst
• Nickel Ferrite

20.1001.1.20088868.2022.13.2.2.6

---

References

[1] Kesavan A. G., Nataraj N., Chen S. M., Lin L. H., (2020), Hydrothermal synthesis of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for the electrochemical detection of bisphenol. New J. Chem. 44: 7698-7707.

[2] Sivakumar P., Ramesh R., Ramanand A., Ponnusamy S.,  Muthamizhchelvan C., (2013), Synthesis and characterization of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and nanorods. J. Alloys Compd. 563: 6-11.

[3]  Amulya M. A. S., Nagaswarupa H. P.,  AnilKumar M. R., Ravikumar C. R.,  Prashantha S. C., Kusuma K. B., (2020), Sonochemical synthesis of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: Characterization and their photocatalytic and electrochemical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv. 1: 100023-100026.

[4] Naidu K. C. B., Madhuri W., (2017), Hydrothermal synthesis of NiFe₂O₄ nano-particles: structural, morphological, optical, electrical and magnetic properties. Bull. Mater. Sci. 40: 417-425.

[5] Xia Y., Yang P., Sun Y., Wu Y., Mayers B., Gates B., Yin Y., Kim F., Yan H., (2003), One-dimensional nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and applications. Adv. Mater. 15: 353-389.

[6] Yue W., Changhong S., Wei Y., (2010), Fabrication and magnetic properties of NiFe₂O₄ nanorods. Rare Metals. 29: 385-389.

[7] Raj K., Moskowitz B., Casciari R., (1995), Advances in ferrofluid technology. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 149: 174-180.

[8] Wang J., Zhua Y. J., Lia W. P., Chen Q. W., (2005), Necklace-shaped assembly of single-crystal NiFe₂O₄ nanospheres under magnetic field. Mater. Lett. 59: 2101-2103.

[9] Reddy D. H. K., Yunang Y. S., (2016), Spinel ferrite magnetic adsorbents: alternative future materials for water purification. Coord. Chem. Rev. 315: 90–111.

[10] Ishino K., Narumiya Y., (1987), Development of magnetic ferrites: control and application of Losses. Ceram. Bull. 66: 1469–1475.

[11] Srivastava S., Sinha R., Roy D., (2004), Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquatic toxicol. 66: 319-329.

[12] Tolia J., Chakraborty M., Murthy Z., (2012), Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using doped and undoped ZnS nanoparticles. Pol. J. Chem. Technol. 14: 16-21.

[13] Chen C., Lu C., Chung Y., Jan J., (2007), UV light induced photodegradation of malachite green on TiO₂ nanoparticles. J. Hazard. Mater. 141: 520-528.

[14] Kusuma H. S., Sholihuddin R. I., Harsini M., Darmokoesoemo H., (2016), Electrochemical degradation of malachite green dye using Carbon/TiO₂ electrodes. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 7: 1454-1460.

[15] Miranzadeh M., Afshari F., Khataei B., Kassaee M., (2020), Adsorption and photocatalytic removal of arsenic from water by a porous and magnetic nanocomposite: Ag/TiO₂/Fe₃O₄@GO. Adv. J. Chem. A. 3: 408-421.

[16] Sajjadnejad M., Karimi Abadeh H., (2020), Processing of nanostructured TiO₂ and modification of its photocatalytic behavior for methylene blue degradation. Adv. J. Chem. A. 3: 422-431.

[17] Hu K.-h., Meng M., (2013), Degradation of malachite green on MoS₂/TiO₂ nanocomposite. Asian J. Chem. 25: 5827-5829.

[18] Ameta K., Tak P., Soni D., Ameta S. C., (2014), Photocatalytic decomposition of malachite green over lead chromate powder. Sci. Rev. Chem. Commun. 4: 38-45.

[19] Bansal P., Bhullar N., Sud D., (2009), Studies on photodegradation of malachite green using TiO₂/ZnO photocatalyst. Desalin. Water Treat. 12: 108-113.

[20] Soni H., JI N. K., (2014), UV light induced photocatalytic degradation of malachite GREEN on TiO₂ nanoparticles. Int. J. Recent Res. Rev. 7: 10-15.

[21] Sols-Casados D., Escobar-Alarcn L., Fernndez M., Valencia F., (2013), Malachite green degradation in simulated wastewater using Ni_x : TiO₂ thin films. Fuel. 110: 17-22.

[22] Khezami L., Taha K. K., Ghiloufi I., El Mir L., (2016), Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of malachite green by vanadium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Water Sci. Technol. 73: 881-889.

[23] Jo W.-K., Parka G. T., Tayade R. J., (2014), Synergetic effect of adsorption on degradation of malachite green dye under blue LED irradiation using spiral-shaped photocatalytic reactor. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 90: 2280-2289.

[24] He H-Y., (2015), Photocatalytic degradations of malachite green on magnetically separable Ni_1-xCo_xFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized by using a hydrothermal process. Amer. Chem. Sci. J. 6: 58-68.

[25] Afshar S., Samari Jahromi H., Jafari N., Ahmadi Z., Hakamizadeh M., (2011), Degradation of malachite green oxalate by UV and visible lights irradiation using Pt/TiO₂/SiO₂ nanophotocatalyst. Sci. Iran. 18: 772-779.

[26] Khademinia S., Behzad M., Kafi-Ahmadi L., Hadilou S., (2018), Hydrothermally synthesized strontium arsenate nanomaterial through response surface methodology. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 644: 221-227.

[27] Azari B., Pourahmad A., Sadeghi B., Mokhtary M., (2019), Preparation and photocatalytic study of SiO₂/CuS core-shell nanomaterial for degradation of methylene blue dye. Nanomeghyas. 3: 103-114.

[28] Hajavazzade R., Kargar Razi M., Mahjoub A. R., (2021), Synthesis and characterization of Mg_1-xNi_xAl₂O₄ and their photocatalytic behaviors towards Congo red under UV light irradiation. Int. J. Nano Dimens. 12: 67-75.

[29] Blourfrosh S. K., Mahanpoor K., (2021) Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of nano α-Fe₂O₃ supported on metal organic framework of Cd(II) for decomposition of Cefalexin aqueous solutions. Int. J. Nano Dimens. 12: 113-127.

[30] Hosseiny Davarani S. S., Rezayati Zad Z., Taheri A. R., Rahmatian N., (2017),  Highly selective solid phase extraction and preconcentration of Azathioprine with nano-sized imprinted polymer based on multivariate optimization and its trace determination in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 71: 572–583.

[31] Abdollahi F., Taheri A., Shahmari M., (2020), Application of selective solid-phase extraction using a new core-shell-shell magnetic ionimprinted polymer for the analysis of ultra-trace mercury in serum of gallstone patients. Sep. Sci. Technol. 55: 2758-2771.

[32] Hakimyfard, A., Khademinia, S., (2021), Structural, Magnetic, Optical and Electrochemical Properties of a New Class of α-Fe₂O₃-M_x-NiFe₂O_4+δ (M = None, Co²⁺, Eu³⁺, Ho³⁺ and Yb³⁺) Nanocomposites. J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 34: 1-9.

[33] Turner M. J., McKinnon J. J., Wolff S. K., Grimwood D. J., Spackman P. R., Jayatilaka D., Spackman M. A., (2017). Crystal Explorer 17.5. The University of Western Australia.

[34] Seth S. K., Saha N. C., Ghosh S., Kar T., (2011), Structural elucidation and electronic properties of two pyrazole derivatives: a combined X-ray, Hirshfeld surface analyses and quantum mechanical study. Chem. Phys. Lett. 506: 309-314.

[35] McKinnon J. J., Jayatilaka D., Spackman M. A., (2007), Towards quantitative analysis of intermolecular interactions with Hirshfeld surfaces. Chem. Commun. 3814-3816.

[36] Spackman M. A., McKinnon J. J., (2002), Fingerprinting intermolecular interactions in molecular crystals. Cryst. Eng. Comm. 4: 378-392.

[37] Fabbiani F. P. A., Leech C. K., Shankland K., Johnston A., Fernandes P., Florence A. J., Shankland N., (2007), Hirshfeld surface analysis of two bendroflume­thia­zide solvates. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C. 63: 659-663.